Herbicidal Effects of Statin Pharmaceuticals in<i>Lemna gibba</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Statin pharmaceuticals, heavily prescribed in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMGR). In plants, these compounds also inhibit HMGR, which regulates cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthesis in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. Phytotoxicity was evaluated in the higher aquatic plant Lemna gibba exposed to atorvastatin and lovastatin for 7-days by measuring the concentrations of sterols and ubiquinone; products downstream in the MVA pathway. The efficiency of the parallel and unaffected methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) was also evaluated by measuring the end product, plastoquinone. Statin treatment caused an accumulation of plastoquinone, and unexpectedly, ubiquinone, an artifact likely due to metabolite sharing from the plastidial MEP pathway. Statins were, however, highly phytotoxic to L. gibba and HPLC-UV analysis of plant extracts showed significantly decreased concentrations of both stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol, which are critical components of plant membranes and regulate morphogenesis and development. EC10 values for atorvastatin and lovastatin were as small as 26.1 and 32.8 microg/L, respectively. However, hazard quotients indicated that statins present little risk to the model higher aquatic plant Lemna gibba at environmentally relevant concentrations, even though pathway-specific endpoints were 2-3 times more sensitive than traditional gross morphological endpoints typically used in risk assessment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".