Synthesis of -Willemite Nanoparticles by Post-calcination of Flame-made Zinc Oxide/Silica Composites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Composite ZnO/SiO2 nanoparticles were made by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). Characteristics of the product powder and its crystallization behavior on post-calcination were evaluated. Polyhedral aggregates of nano-sized primary particles consisting of ZnO nano-crystals 1–3 nm in size and amorphous SiO2 were obtained by FSP. A short residence time in the flame can result in the co-existence of the ZnO and SiO2 clusters without substitution or reaction hindering each other's grain growth. There was almost no change in the XRD pattern by calcination at 600 °C for 2 h, suggesting a high thermal stability of the ZnO nano-crystals in the composite particles. A pure α-willemite phase was obtained at 900 °C. At this calcination temperature, dC and dBET of the powder were 63 and 44 nm, respectively. The nano-composite structure of the FSP-made particles can suppress crystalline growth of ZnO during calcination to maintain a high reactivity of ZnO with SiO2, obtaining pure α-willemite with high specific surface area at low calcination temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".