Variability in foraging in response to changing prey distributions in rhinoceros auklets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Variable time budgets and foraging behaviour were observed in a marine diving bird, the rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, in response to intraseasonal and interannual variations in prey abundance and distribution. Few studies have simultaneously measured the spatial dispersal of seabirds at sea, time budgets at sea and prey abundance and distribution. Time budgets and foraging behaviour were deterrnined through visual scans. Prey abundance, estimated hydroacoustically during marine transects, was similar among years, but prey was dispersed over larger spatial areas in 1997 than in 1995 and 1996. Rhinoceros auklets were also dispersed over larger spatial areas in 1997 and fewer mixed-species feeding flocks were formed. In 1997, rhinoceros auklets increased the time spent foraging, decreased the recovery periods between successive dives, and were more strongly associated with prey at larger spatial scales. This suggested that auklets were working hard while foraging but were less successful at locating and maintaining contact with prey when prey was more dispersed. In 1996, there was a period (June 13 to 20) when fish schools were common near the surface, during which auklets spent more time foraging and formed more feeding flocks. This suggested that auklets were working hard to take advantage of this readily available prey. This paper iilustrates the importance of behavioural plasticity and time budget flexibility for seabirds Living in highly variable environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".