Dietary Cation Anion Difference of Five Cool‐Season Grasses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forage‐based rations with a low dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) should be fed to dairy cows 2 to 4 wk prepartum to prevent hypocalcaemia or milk fever. We evaluated the DCAD of two to four cultivars of five grass species at three locations in Québec, Canada. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were harvested twice a year during two production years. Forage mineral concentrations were measured and the DCAD was calculated with a short equation [DCADS = (Na+ + K+) − (Cl− + S2−)], and a long equation [DCADL = (Na+ + K+ + 0.15Ca2+ + 0.15Mg2+) − (Cl− + 0.6S2− + 0.5P3−). The five species had, respectively, DCADS of 656, 540, 510, 490, and 384 mmolc kg−1 DM (dry matter) in spring growth, and 633, 569, 496, 447, and 332 mmolc kg−1 DM in summer regrowth. Orchardgrass had the highest DCAD and timothy the lowest while the three other species were intermediate in both spring growth and summer regrowth. Species differences in DCAD were primarily related to differences in K concentration. Timothy was the only species that decreased significantly in DCADS (by 52 mmolc kg−1 DM) and DCADL (by 35 mmolc kg−1 DM) from spring growth to summer regrowth. Cultivars did not differ in DCADS and DCADL except for tall fescue. Locations did not differ in DCAD. Among the grass species in this study, and because of its low DCAD, timothy is the best suited for producing forages fed to dairy cows in the weeks preceding calving.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".