Human cardiovascular and gustatory brainstem sites observed by functional magnetic resonance imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reflex control and relay to higher brain sites of visceral sensory information within the central nervous system is mediated via discrete sites in the brainstem. Anatomical characterization of these sites in humans has been limited due to the invasive nature of such research. The present study employed 4 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize brainstem sites involved in autonomic control in the human. Eight subjects performed tasks that activate the general visceral (the isometric hand-grip, maximal inspiration, Valsalva maneuver) or special visceral sensory systems (sucrose administration to the tongue). Activation of the nucleus of the solitary tract and parabrachial nucleus was consistently observed with all general visceral tasks. Periaqueductal gray area activation was observed during the maximal inspiration and Valsalva maneuver conditions and raphe activation was present in response to isometric hand-grip and maximal inspiration tasks. The activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract was consistently more rostral in the medulla during sucrose administration than during performance of the other experimental tasks. This finding is consistent with what has been previously demonstrated in animals. This is the first study to image the human brainstem with respect to visceral control and demonstrates the feasibility of using high-resolution fMRI to study the functional organization of the human brainstem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".