Cytotaxonomy and cytogeography of the goldenaster genus <i>Heterotheca</i> (Asteraceae: Astereae)This paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Between 1948 and 2008, 668 chromosome number determinations have been reported for individuals of the goldenaster genus Heterotheca Cass. (Asteraceae: Astereae) from Canada, Mexico, and the United States, including 285 newly reported here. This common group of mostly western North American herbaceous annuals and perennials is subdivided into three sections, the most complex of which is section Phyllotheca . Differences of opinion about the taxonomy of the goldenasters, numerous synonyms, and the lack of a comprehensive treatment of the polymorphic villosa complex and other species complexes in section Phyllotheca made it difficult to organize the data into a meaningful discussion of the cytotaxonomy and cytogeography of this genus. Here I present the geographic distribution of all published counts and cytogeography maps of all species of Heterotheca, assigning taxa following recent taxonomic revisions. The sample sizes for species sampled ranged from 1 to 228 reports. All species have a base number of x = 9. Only diploids (2n = 9II or 2n = 18) were found in Heterotheca oregona (Nutt.) Shinners (the single species of sect. Ammodia ) and in the three species of section Heterotheca. Both diploids and (or) tetraploids were found across 18 sampled species of section Phyllotheca, with the frequency varying among them; nine species are known only at one ploidy level (either diploid or tetraploid; three species each). Only four triploids (2n = 9III or 2n = 27) were encountered in section Phyllotheca; two were putative interspecific hybrids. One new nomenclatural combination is proposed: Heterotheca inuloides var. leptoglossa .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".