Unlabeled Hairpin DNA Probe for Electrochemical Detection of Single-Nucleotide Mismatches Based on MutS−DNA Interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper described a label-free assay for the detection of single-nucleotide mismatches in which an unlabeled hairpin DNA probe and a MutS protein conjugate (His6-MutS-linker peptide-streptavidin binding peptide (HMLS)) are exploited for the detection of mismatches by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We demonstrate this method for eight single-nucleotide mismatches. Upon hybridization of the target strand with the hairpin DNA probe, the stem-loop structure is opened forming a duplex DNA. In duplexes containing a single nucleotide mismatch, the mismatch is present at the solvent exposed side, enabling more effective HMLS recognition and binding. The binding event is evaluated by EIS and analyzed with the help of Randles' equivalent circuits. The differences in the charge transfer resistance DeltaR(CT) before and after protein binding to the duplex DNA allows the unequivocal detection of all eight single-nucleotide mismatches. DeltaR(CT) allows the discrimination of a C-A mismatch with the concentration of the target strand as low as 100 pM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".