Infrared Spectra of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub> Aerosols Potentially Formed in Titan’s Atmosphere
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pure and mixed aerosols of ethane, ethylene, acetylene and carbon dioxide were generated in a collisional cooling cell and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy between 600 and 4000 cm(-1). Pure ethane, pure ethylene, and mixed ethane/ethylene initially form supercooled liquid droplets, which over time crystallize to their stable solid phases. These droplets are found to be long-lived (up to hours) for pure ethane and mixed ethane/ethylene, but short-lived (up to seconds) for pure ethylene. Acetylene and carbon dioxide form solid aerosol particles. Acetylene particles have a partially amorphous structure, while carbon dioxide particles are crystalline. The structure of the infrared bands of carbon dioxide is strongly determined by the particles' shape due to exciton coupling. The comparison of various mixed systems reveals that acetylene very efficiently induces heterogeneous crystallization. As reported earlier, the co-condensation of acetylene and carbon dioxide can lead to the formation of a metastable mixed crystalline phase. Our preliminary calculations show that this mixed phase has a monoclinic rather than the cubic structure proposed previously.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".