Permeating partially hydrated GCLs with jet fuel at temperatures from −20°C and 20°C
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydraulic conductivity of hydrated and partially hydrated geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 (Arctic diesel) is examined at −20°C, −5°C, 5°C, and 20°C. Methods developed to hydrate GCLs to specific water contents (60%, 90%, 120%) and subject them to subzero temperatures without the additional uptake of water are described. Results indicate that there are two main mechanisms that affect the hydraulic conductivity of Jet Fuel A-1. For a constant bulk void ratio, as the water content increases, the hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 decreases. Similarly, for a constant water content, as bulk void ratio decreases, the hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 decreases. GCLs at positive temperatures with an initial degree of saturation (Sr) greater then 0.77 had a hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 of less than 10−9 m/s, whereas GCLs at subzero temperatures with Sr > 0.70 had a hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 of less than 2.5 × 10−10 m/s. Highly saturated (Sr > 0.85) GCLs at subzero temperatures were essentially impermeable, having a hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 of less than 10−12 m/s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".