Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 66-year-old man presented to the outpatient clinic of the Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb with a 3-year history of progressive problems with reading, solving crossword puzzles, filling out bank slips, reaching objects in front of him and visual disorientation.At the time of presentation family reported that "he seemed like he could not see".His past medical history was positive for hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while family history was unremarkable.On the repeated ophthalmologic examination ocular problems were ruled out.In the neurocognitive examination, complete Balint's syndrome with oculomotor apraxia, simultanagnosia (inability to perceive more than one detail of visual stimulus and to integrate it into a coherent image), nonfoveal optic ataxia, and dyslexia with complete Gerstman's syndrome (dyscalculia, dysgraphia and fingers agnosia) were revealed.Additionally, significant visuospatial and visuoperceptual impairments were found.His copy of Rey-Osterrieth Complex figure (ROCF, Figure 1a) showed superimposition and upside-down reversal of perceived elements (Figure 1b).Episodic memory and executive functions were relatively spared compared to the deficits of higher order visual functions.His Mini-Mental State Examination score was 19/30. 1 General neurological examination was unremarkable.Findings of laboratory tests (complete blood count, renal and thyroid function tests, vitamin B 12 , folic acid, immunology screening, serum and CSF antibodies to syphilis, Borrelia burgdorferi, tumor markers, hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), paraneoplastic antibodies), chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram and visual evoked potentials were unremarkable except for mild hypercholesterolemia. Brain MRI (Figure 2) revealed bilateral parieto-occipital cortical atrophy without significant hippocampal atrophy or vascular disease.Characteristic clinical symptoms (primarily progressive higher order visual dysfunction with relatively spared other cognitive functions) and scan findings (Figure 2) lead to the diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy (PCA).Distortion of drawing is commonly seen in patients with PCA.2-4 Superimposition of elements of ROCF in this patient is probably caused by simultanagnosia, 2-6 whereas an upside-down copy of a figure (not reported previously in patients with PCA) might be caused by impairment of visuo-vestibular processing.Despite upside-down copy of a figure our patient did not report 180° room tilt illusion which has, so far, been reported in only one patient with PCA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".