Kinetically Determined Crystal Structures of Undoped and La<sup>3+</sup>-Doped LnF<sub>3</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of lanthanide fluoride nanoparticles were prepared with a simple colloidal approach at 75 °C. All the nanoparticles are highly water-dispersible with sizes in the range of 3−10 nm. The light lanthanide fluoride salts, LaF 3, CeF 3, and NdF 3, have the same trigonal crystal structure as the corresponding bulk materials. However, for the fluoride salts of the heavy Dy, Ho, Er, and Yb, nonstoichiometric cubic structures of Na x Ln y F z composition were identified. Particularly, the middle GdF 3 and EuF 3 nanoparticles have both trigonal and orthorhombic crystal phases instead of a single orthorhombic phase as for the corresponding bulk materials, which is attributed to kinetically formed products. Study of La 3+ -doped GdF 3 nanoparticles showed that 15% La 3+ doping is sufficient for GdF 3 nanoparticles to crystallize completely in the trigonal phase, i.e., the same as LaF 3, which is dramatically different than 50% La 3+ doping for the bulk. Finally, on the basis of the thermodynamic cycle for the preparation of the doped materials, calculations carried out explain well the published experimental results for the bulk. However, this approach failed to explain the results of the nanoparticles. Evidence is provided that the formation of kinetic products is responsible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".