Hydration of beryllium(ii) in aqueous solutions of common inorganic salts. A combined vibrational spectroscopic and ab initio molecular orbital study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Raman spectra of aqueous beryllium perchlorate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate solutions have been measured over a broad concentration (0.098-4.950 mol L(-1)) range. The Raman spectroscopic data suggest that the tetra-aqua beryllium(II) ion is thermodynamically stable in perchlorate, chloride, and nitrate solutions over the concentration range measured. No inner-sphere complexes in these solutions could be detected spectroscopically except in very concentrated beryllium nitrate solutions. Beryllium sulfate solutions however, show a different picture, namely the existence of a thermodynamically stable beryllium sulfato complex most likely monodentate even at very low concentrations. At very high beryllium sulfate concentrations, a small quantity of a bidentate sulfato complex was found. With a temperature increase, the sulfato complex formation increases and this demonstrates the entropically driven sulfato complex formation. Furthermore, with increased temperature the hydrolysis increases, measured by the formation of hydrogen sulfate. Ab initio geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are reported for beryllium-water clusters with only inner sphere waters, clusters with an inner sphere and an incomplete second hydration, and clusters with a higher number of waters in the second hydration sphere. The cluster, [Be(OH2)(12)(2+)] (Be[4 + 8]) with 4 water molecules in the first sphere and 8 water molecules in the second sphere gave sufficiently realistic frequencies for BeO4 skeleton in comparison to the experimental ones. However, the cluster, [Be(OH2)(18)(2+)] (Be[6 + 12]) with 6 water molecules in the inner sphere and 12 water molecules in the outer sphere on an energy minimum gave unrealistically low BeO4 frequencies. This fact demonstrates that a six-fold coordination of Be2+ can be ruled out.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it