Induction and Radio Frequency Heating Strategies for Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Start-Up Phase
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is the method of choice to extract bitumen from Athabasca oil sand reservoirs in Western Canada. Bitumen at reservoir condition is immobile due to high viscosity and its saturation is typically large that limits the injectivity of a steam at in-situ condition. In a current industry practice, steam is circulated within injection and production wells. Operators keep the steam circulation till mobile bitumen breaks through the producer and communication is established between the injector and the producer. The "start-up" (or "circulation") phase is ranging between three to several months. A variety of processes are used to minimize time of start-up phase such as: electro-magnetic (EM) heating either induction (medium frequency) or radio frequency (RF) ranges. Knowing the hot-zone size formed by steam circulation and benefit of simultaneous EM-heating techniques help better understand the start-up process and how to minimize the start-up duration. The aim of the present work is to introduce an analytical model to predict start-up duration for only steam circulation and also for with EM-heating. The results obtained from this study reveal that induction slightly decrease start-up time for frequencies smaller than 10 kHz, and it can reduce start-up time to 30% of original steam circulation for 100 kHz frequency.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it