Interface transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of GCLs below poured concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The performance of four geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) used as a hydraulic barrier below concrete-lined sewage treatment lagoons was examined based on a series of laboratory tests aimed at measuring: (i) the lateral flow of synthetic wastewater through the interface between each GCL product and a 0.1 m thick cast-in-place concrete above the GCL over a 14-month period and, from this data, calculating the concrete/GCL interface transmissivity (θ); and (ii) the hydraulic conductivity (k) of the GCLs below poured concrete when exposed to (iia) synthetic wastewater under isothermal conditions, or (iib) a series of wet–dry and/or cool–heat cycles for up to 12 months. The four GCLs have either sodium or polymer-enhanced sodium bentonite, and either granular or powdered bentonite. When the wastewater head above the GCL was 1.0 m (stress on concrete, σ = 10 kPa), θ for the GCL with granular sodium bentonite was 4 × 10−11 m2/s. For the same GCL, when the head increased to 2.5 m (σ = 25 kPa), the value of θ was reduced by about one order of magnitude to 2 × 10−12 m2/s. For the GCL which has polymer-enhanced granular bentonite, the value of θ was similar to (and possibly lower than) that for the GCL with untreated granular bentonite. For the GCL with powdered bentonite and cover geotextile impregnated with 1280 g/m2 of bentonite, the values of θ were 2 × 10−12 and 4 × 10−13 m2/s at 1.0 and 2.5 m head, respectively. With a reduction in the amount of the impregnated powdered bentonite in the cover geotextile to 840 g/m2, θ was 1 to 9 × 10−12 m2/s. The lowest k (3.2 × 10−11 m/s) for a GCL below concrete and exposed to wastewater under isothermal conditions was measured for the GCL with polymer-enhanced granular bentonite, whereas the highest value of k (1.9 × 10−10 m/s) was for the GCL with standard granular bentonite. Under 0.5 m head and 3 kPa stress, the k of the GCL below concrete and exposed to wet–dry cycles was 1.2–2.6 times the k of the GCL exposed to wastewater under isothermal conditions. Analytical calculations for the leakage through concrete/GCL liners for the four GCLs showed that the leakage was below the allowable limits specified by the Australian, British, and American standards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".