Interface transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of GCLs below poured concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The performance of four geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) used as a hydraulic barrier below concrete-lined sewage treatment lagoons was examined based on a series of laboratory tests aimed at measuring: (i) the lateral flow of synthetic wastewater through the interface between each GCL product and a 0.1 m thick cast-in-place concrete above the GCL over a 14-month period and, from this data, calculating the concrete/GCL interface transmissivity (θ); and (ii) the hydraulic conductivity (k) of the GCLs below poured concrete when exposed to (iia) synthetic wastewater under isothermal conditions, or (iib) a series of wet–dry and/or cool–heat cycles for up to 12 months. The four GCLs have either sodium or polymer-enhanced sodium bentonite, and either granular or powdered bentonite. When the wastewater head above the GCL was 1.0 m (stress on concrete, σ = 10 kPa), θ for the GCL with granular sodium bentonite was 4 × 10 −11 m 2 /s. For the same GCL, when the head increased to 2.5 m (σ = 25 kPa), the value of θ was reduced by about one order of magnitude to 2 × 10 −12 m 2 /s. For the GCL which has polymer-enhanced granular bentonite, the value of θ was similar to (and possibly lower than) that for the GCL with untreated granular bentonite. For the GCL with powdered bentonite and cover geotextile impregnated with 1280 g/m 2 of bentonite, the values of θ were 2 × 10 −12 and 4 × 10 −13 m 2 /s at 1.0 and 2.5 m head, respectively. With a reduction in the amount of the impregnated powdered bentonite in the cover geotextile to 840 g/m 2 , θ was 1 to 9 × 10 −12 m 2 /s. The lowest k (3.2 × 10 −11 m/s) for a GCL below concrete and exposed to wastewater under isothermal conditions was measured for the GCL with polymer-enhanced granular bentonite, whereas the highest value of k (1.9 × 10 −10 m/s) was for the GCL with standard granular bentonite. Under 0.5 m head and 3 kPa stress, the k of the GCL below concrete and exposed to wet–dry cycles was 1.2–2.6 times the k of the GCL exposed to wastewater under isothermal conditions. Analytical calculations for the leakage through concrete/GCL liners for the four GCLs showed that the leakage was below the allowable limits specified by the Australian, British, and American standards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".