Polyphenol Extract of Greens+™ Nutritional Supplement Stimulates Bone Formation in Cultures of Human Osteoblast-like SaOS-2 Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Oxidative stress has been associated with osteoporosis. Greens+™ is a commercially available nutritional supplement containing antioxidative polyphenols. METHODS: To study the effects of greens+™ on differentiation and bone formation in human osteoblasts, the cells were cultured in Ham's F-12 medium in the absence or presence of varying concentrations of total free polyphenolic (TFP) in the extracts of greens+™. RESULTS: Our results showed that the number of osteoblasts increased (p <. 05) compared to vehicle control after 2 and 4 days of treatment but were reduced (p <. 05) after 7 days of treatment with 1.2-2.0 mg greens+™ extract/ml (corresponding to 16.8-27.9 ng TFP expressed as gallic acid equivalent per milliliter). Lower concentrations of greens+™ extract stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity at early time points (days 9 and 11), while higher concentrations at the later time point of day 13 resulted in a significant (p <. 05) inhibition, in a time (p <. 0001) and dose dependent (p <. 0001) manner. Greens+™ extract stimulated (p <. 05) the mineralized bone nodule formation in a dose and time dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that greens+™ extract influenced the maturation of osteoprogenitors toward progression to a bone-forming stage. Our data suggest that greens+™ may have beneficial effects on bone formation in vitro due to its antioxidant polyphenolic content and we can speculate that it may be a good alternative to drugs for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".