Enhanced Conductivity in Morphologically Controlled Proton Exchange Membranes: Synthesis of Macromonomers by SFRP and Their Incorporation into Graft Polymers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel series of graft polymers comprising graft chains of a macromonomer poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) ( mac PSSNa) and a polystyrene (PS) backbone have been prepared using a combination of stable free radical polymerization (SFRP) and emulsion polymerization. Well-defined PSSNa polymers possessing 32 repeat units and a polydispersity index of 1.25 were prepared by SFRP. The pseudo-living chains were terminated with divinylbenzene to afford a macromonomer ( mac PSSNa), which was subsequently copolymerized with styrene by emulsion polymerization to afford PS- g - mac PSSNa graft polymers. The number density of macromonomer graft chains was controlled by the feed ratio of macromonomer to styrene. Films were prepared by compression molding and Na + ions exchanged for protons to yield proton exchange membranes (PEMs). The graft polymer membranes exhibited lower water uptake but much larger proton conductivity for a given sulfonic acid content compared to membranes prepared from random copolymers of styrenesulfonic acid and styrene (PS- r -PSSA). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the graft polymer membranes exhibit a higher degree of phase separation and enhanced connectivity between ionic domains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".