Rheological Properties of Nanofiltered Athabasca Bitumen and Maya Crude Oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Complex viscosities of Athabasca bitumen (Alberta, Canada) and Maya crude oil (Mexico) samples, along with their permeates and retentates obtained by nanofiltration at 473 K through 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, and 200-nm ceramic membranes, were investigated over the temperature interval of 298−373 K. The pentane−asphaltene content of the samples varied from 1.5 wt % to 57.2 wt %, whereas the asphaltene-free composition of the samples did not vary from the feed composition (within experimental error). At temperatures of <323 K, part of the maltenes of both of these hydrocarbon resources is solid. The solid maltene fraction is a function of temperature. If this additional solid is taken into account, the experimental relative viscosities for both Athabasca bitumen- and Maya crude-related samples fall on a single master curve, over the entire temperature interval, irrespective of the asphaltene content. The rheological behavior of all feed, permeate, and retentate samples is consistent with that of a slurry that is comprised of a Newtonian liquid plus a dispersed solid that is comprised of noninteracting hard spheres, where the solids fraction is the sum of the solid maltene plus asphaltene mass fractions. Failure to account for solid maltenes in the interpretation of rheological data for these hydrocarbon resources leads to misattributions related to the nature and importance of the role that asphaltenes play in the determination of the complex viscosity of these hydrocarbon resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".