Impact of transducers configuration in a pilot sonoreactor used for nanocellulose production by ultrasound-assisted TEMPO oxidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the pulp and paper industry, it is generally believed that nanocellulose will open new market and increase mills profitability. Our research group as shown that the TEMPO - Sodium bromide - Sodium hypochlorite oxidation system, used in nanocellulose production, can be further optimized with the use of low frequency ultrasound. Therefore, a pilot scale flow-through sonoreactor (sonoreactor 1) compatible with such oxidation was developed and many publications were issued. In effort to further optimize the system; a new sonoreactor (sonoreactor 2) with variable transducer configuration was fabricated. The objective of this work is to study the sonochemical efficiency of the new transducer configuration and the impact on the oxidation efficiency. From the Weissler method (potassium iodine oxidation) experiments, free radicals production was found to be dependent on the transducers configuration. For a given frequency and power, the production rate is respectively greater for the star pattern, orthogonal and face to face configuration. However, the increased free radical production was found to have a more subtle effect on the oxidation efficiency, thus carboxylate content of the pulp.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".