Hospitalizations in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis (HD)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We analyzed causes, duration, and outcomes of hospitalization in patients on HD followed in a dialysis unit. We identified a total of 42 patients (40 men, 2 women), 34–93 (66.3 ± 12.8) years of age. The causes of renal failure included diabetic nephropathy in 23 patients (54.8%), hypertensive nephrosclerosis in 7 (16.7%), primary renal disease in 7 (16.7%), obstructive uropathy in 3 (7.1%) and unknown illness in 2 patients (4.7%). Over a 12-month period, these patients had 96 hospitalizations (2.3 per pt). Duration of hospitalization was 29.9 ± 47.4 days per pt annually. Nine subjects (21.4%, age 71.4 ± 12.5 years, diabetes 66.7%) had no hospitalization, while 8 subjects (19.0%, age 61.0 ± 19.0 years, diabetes 75.5%) had ≥ 4 hospitalizations. Hospitalizations were more frequent (2.8 vs. 2.0 annually) and marginally longer (37.9 ± 51.2 vs. 20.2 ± 29.4 days annually per pt, p = 0.06)) in patients with than those without diabetes. Among the admissions, 30 (31.3%, 8.9 days annually per pt) were due to vascular access complications (clotting, infections − 2 with endocarditis-, etc), 16 (16.7%, 9.0 days annually per pt) were due to leg gangrene (8 amputations), 13 (13.5%, 1.5 days annually per pt) were due to cardiac causes or stroke, 12 (12.5%, 2.3 days annually per pt) were due to hypervolemia or metabolic derangements (hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia), 8 (8.3%, 2.6 days annually per pt) were due to elective surgical procedures, 7 (7.3%, 4.1 days annually per pt) were due to respiratory disease, and 10 (10.4%, 1.6 days annually per pt) were due to miscellaneous causes including psychiatric disease (3 admissions), warfarin overdose (2 admissions), liver abscess, urinary tract infection, enteric polyps, metastatic prostate cancer, and terminal care. Four patients died during hospitalization from cardiac causes (2), respiratory failure (1) and uremia after stopping dialysis (1). Hospitalizations are frequent and prolonged in patients on HD, particularly those with diabetic nephropathy. Vascular access complications and ischemic events in the legs, rather than cardiac causes, are the major causes of hospitalization in HD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".