The emergence of small transnational enterprise in Vancouver: the case of Chinese entrepreneur immigrants
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the small transnational enterprises of recent Chinese entrepreneur immigrants to Vancouver, Canada. These enterprises are part of the globalization process and contribute to the economic and cultural integration of certain regions of Asia with large urban areas of Canada. The entrepreneurs are analyzed utilizing a transnationalism framework which is situated in the ethnic enterprise literature. The article explains how these transnational small Chinese businesses are different from the businesses of earlier Chinese in Canada. A detailed analysis of the Canadian Business Immigration Program illustrates how and why small Chinese transnational enterprises have emerged. The primary data comes from extensive in–depth interviews with 61 Chinese entrepreneur immigrants that allows for the delineation of three transnational business types: (1) Asian production–North American distribution, (2) retail chains and (3) import–export. Quantitative data illustrate the major differences between ‘transnational’ and ‘non–transnational’ enterprises along several variables. Other qualitative data provide insights on how family networks are interwoven with firm relations in small transnational businesses, how entrepreneurs perceive interethnic relations and the extent to which they experience barriers to mobility. Evidence is provided of extensive transmigration and, in contrast to the sojourner identity of earlier Chinese, the data here suggests the emergence of a new transnational and cosmopolitan identity amongst entrepreneur immigrants. Cet article étudie les petites entreprises transnationales des récents immigrants chinois de Vancouver (Canada). Celles–ci s’inscrivent dans le processus de mondialisation et contribuent à l’intégration économique et culturelle de certaines régions d’Asie dans d’importantes zones urbaines canadiennes. L’analyse de ces créateurs d’entreprise est faite à partir d’un cadre d’analyse transnationaliste qui se situe dans la littérature sur l’entreprise ethnique. L’article explique en quoi ces petites entreprises chinoises transnationales diffèrent de celles des Chinois arrivés plus tôt au Canada. Une étude détaillée du Programme canadien d’Immigration des Hommes d’affaires explique comment et pourquoi sont apparues ces petites entités transnationales. Les principales données, tirées d’entretiens approfondis avec 61 entrepreneurs chinois, permettent de définir trois types d’entreprises transnationales: production asiatique avec distribution nord–américaine, chaînes de détaillants, et import–export. Des données quantitatives illustrent les grandes différences entre les entreprises ‘transnationales’ et ‘non–transnationales’ en fonction de plusieurs variables. D’autres données quantitatives révèlent de quelle manière les réseaux familiaux s’entremêlent avec les relations professionnelles dans les petites entités transnationales, comment les chefs d’entreprise perçoivent les relations inter–ethniques et dans quelle mesure ils rencontrent des obstacles à leur mobilité. Une importante transmigration est mise en evidence et, par opposition au caractère temporaire du séjour des premiers Chinois, les données suggèrent ici l’émergence d’une nouvelle identité transnationale et cosmopolite chez les immigrants chefs d’entreprise.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it