Relationship of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder to Age-Related Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are the 2 most frequent psychiatric disorders co-occurring with Tourette syndrome (TS). Both usually cause greater impairment in psychosocial functioning than the tics themselves. In a previous study, we examined the relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to other comorbid conditions in TS. The relationship of OCD to other comorbidities in TS still remains unclear and is the focus of the present study. METHODS: Pearson's χ tests and logistic regressions (year-wise) were used to examine a cross-sectional sample of children and adolescents (n = 5060) diagnosed with TS, taken from the Tourette Syndrome International Database Consortium. We explored the relationship of OCD to other comorbid conditions in TS across different age groups. RESULTS: In children (ages 5-10 y) with TS, higher rates of comorbidities were found in the presence compared with the absence of OCD. Adolescents (ages 11-17 y) with TS + OCD showed higher rates of internalizing (i.e., anxiety and mood) disorders when compared with those with TS - OCD. A year-wise increase of coexisting mood disorders was found for subjects with TS with and without OCD. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, children and adolescents with TS + OCD showed higher rates of comorbid disorders compared with those with TS - OCD. This underlines the necessity for a comprehensive assessment of additional comorbidities even if the 2 disorders (TS + OCD) have already been diagnosed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it