Morphological changes of <i>Giardia lamblia</i> cysts after treatment with ozone and chlorine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Morphological changes of Giardia lamblia cysts after treatment with ozone, free chlorine, or combinations of oxidants were documented using transmission electron microscopy. Experiments were conducted using in vitro-derived G. lamblia cysts. Nucleic acid staining employing LIVE/DEAD BacLight TM was used for the evaluation of cyst viability. Cyst wall damage, plasmalemma breakage, lysis of peripheral vacuoles, and nuclear degradation were main features of cyst injury elicited by ozone or chlorine. Cell death pathways were found to be oxidant-specific. Morphological changes in G. lamblia cysts treated with both ozone and chlorine showed that the preconditioning of the cyst wall by exposure to the first oxidant allowed for easier penetration and increased damage induced by the second oxidant. Taken together, our results indicate that pretreatment of G. lamblia cysts with low doses of one oxidant significantly increases the susceptibility of the parasite to the sequentially applied second oxidant. Key words: ozone, chlorine, oxidation, Giardia, inactivation, morphology, cell death, synergy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".