Diverting electron fluxes towards sulfate reduction using linoleic acid in a mixed anaerobic culture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfate (1500 mg/L) reduction and glucose (1870 mg/L) degradation was examined in the presence of five varying linoleic acid (LA) levels (100 – 1000 mg/L) at 37 ± 2°C and pH 7·0 – 7·2. The sulfate reduction and methane formation data suggest that LA selectively inhibited methane producing bacteria (MPB). The quantity of sulfate removed increased with increasing LA dosage. Approximately 1375 mg/L (92%) sulfate was removed in cultures fed with high concentrations of LA (1000 mg/L), which was 68% more than that removed in glucose and sulfate controls. The quantity of sulfate removed in cultures fed with 100, 300, 500 and 700 mg/L LA were 62%, 66%, 77%, and 84%, respectively. Initial sulfate degradation rates increased with increasing LA levels in the cultures. High LA levels (1000 mg/L) attributed to approximately a sevenfold increase in the initial sulfate degradation rates compared to cultures containing sulfate plus glucose. The highest initial sulfate removal rate (0·19 µg/(mgVSS min)) was observed in cultures receiving 1000 mg/L LA. Initial glucose degradation rates decreased with increasing LA concentrations. The rates for the cultures receiving 1000 mg/L LA were 2·53 µg/(mgVSS min) while the degradation rate for cultures containing 100 mg/L LA was 5·40 µg/(mgVSS min). Methane formation decreased when sulfate and LA were added. Methane formation was lowest in cultures receiving elevated LA concentrations. The percent electron flow fluxes increased towards sulfidogenesis and decreased towards methanogenesis with increasing LA levels. Less than 0·6% electron flow was diverted to methanogenesis in cultures containing high levels of LA (≥700 mg/L) while ≤ 45% was diverted to sulfidogenesis. Acetate and propionate were the major volatile fatty acids (VFAs) detected during glucose degradation. The amount of sulfate reduced in the cultures receiving only LA or sulfate and no other carbon source was comparable (approximately 10%), which suggests that LA did not contribute to electrons during the course of experiment for sulfate reduction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".