Two-Stage Hydrotreating of Athabasca Heavy Gas Oil with Interstage Hydrogen Sulfide Removal: Effect of Process Conditions and Kinetic Analyses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two-stage hydrodenitrogenation (HDN)−hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of heavy gas oil, derived from Athabasca bitumen, has been carried out in a trickle-bed microreactor using a commercial NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The operating conditions for the experiments were varied as follows: temperature range of 340−420 °C, reactor pressure of 950−1600 psig, liquid hourly space velocity range of 0.5−2.0 h -1, and hydrogen to heavy gas oil ratio of 600 mL/mL. Variation in the catalyst loading between stages I and II was also studied. Stage I products were stripped off any generated hydrogen sulfide and further hydrotreated in stage II to see the impact of hydrogen sulfide interstage removal on the hydrotreating activities. A comparison of the two-stage results to those of the single-stage results shows an enhancement in the hydrotreating activities. For instance, a 12.6 wt % increase in the conversion of nonbasic nitrogen was observed. The optimum conditions for higher gain in HDN and HDS due to hydrogen sulfide removal were found to be 380 °C, 7.6 MPa, and 1:3 (w/w) catalyst loading. A Langmuir−Hinshelwood model developed for the hydrogen sulfide inhibition predicts sufficiently the observed data of the two-stage process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".