Serum Nonesterified Fatty Acids Are Related With Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque in Nonobese Nonhypertensive Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and other manifestations of atherosclerotic vascular disease are substantially increased in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mortality from CHD and the incidence of nonfatal CHD events are two to four times higher in patients with type 2 diabetes than in age-matched nondiabetic subjects (1,2). It has been demonstrated that lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a secretory product of macrophage in the arterial wall, contributes to the development and progression of atherosclerosis (3). Michaud et al. (4) recently demonstrated that fatty acids enhance LPL production in human macrophages. Type 2 diabetic patients frequently have higher serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) (5). From these reports, it may be suggested that fatty acids participate in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. To the best of our knowledge, however, the relationship between serum fatty acids and the degree of atherosclerosis has not been fully clarified in type 2 diabetic patients. Plasma glucose level per se seems to enhance LPL production in human macrophage (6). Moreover, it is well recognized that obesity and/or hypertension per se causes atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. We therefore recruited nonobese nonhypertensive well-controlled unique type 2 diabetic patients after taking into account these confounding risk factors. The degree of atherosclerosis can be evaluated by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound scan. This is a reliable noninvasive method for the assessment of carotid atherosclerosis (7). Carotid atherosclerosis is important in view of its relation to cerebrovascular ischemic diseases and coronary atherosclerosis (8). A total of 54 nonobese nonhypertensive Japanese type 2 diabetic patients who visited Kansai-Denryoku Hospital were enrolled in the study. Type 2 diabetes and hypertension were diagnosed based on the criteria of World Health Organization (9,10). The patients were treated with diet alone (27 patients) or …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".