Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Has no Effect on Atherosclerotic Factors in AVS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) is a chronic progressive disease affecting 25% of the population over the age of 65. Despite this high prevalence, there are currently no preventative therapies which inhibit the progression of AVS. This study sought to determine the effects of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), alone or in combination with a statin, on AVS. Male New Zealand White rabbits were fed either regular chow (Control, n=5) or an atherogenic diet for a period of 18 months to induce AVS. Recognizing the clinical reality, therapy was introduced after disease onset. After 12 months, rabbits were block randomly assigned to four groups receiving either no treatment (Cholesterol, n=6), olmesartan medoxomil (Olmesartan, n=7), atorvastatin calcium (Atorvastatin, n=7), or a combination of both drugs (Combination, n=7) for the final 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor disease progress throughout the treatment period. After sacrifice, valve lesions were analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry. In vivo disease monitoring yielded no discernible treatment effect. While Cholesterol cusps were significantly thicker than Control throughout the treatment period (0.465 ± 0.030 vs 0.388 ± 0.023mm for Cholesterol and Control, respectively, at 18 months), the various treatments had no positive effect on cusp thickness, and were all identical to Cholesterol at 18 months. Aortic valve area provided similar results; while significant disease was established (0.379 ± 0.033 vs 0.623 ± 0.074cm2 for Cholesterol and Control, respectively, at 18 months), there were no significant differences between treatment groups. Histological analysis of Cholesterol, Atorvastatin, Olmesartan, and Combination cusps revealed fibrosal thickening, lipid deposition, macrophage infiltration, and minor calcification. However, morphological analysis did not reveal significant differences in lesion composition among the treatment groups. Treatment efficacy was confirmed by analysis of aortic lesion area which revealed a significant reduction of atherosclerosis in Olmesartan-treated animals. Neither olmesartan medoxomil nor atorvastatin calcium, alone or in combination, provide demonstrable benefit in the treatment of established AVS despite success in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".