Single-tree versus group selection in hemlock-hardwood forests: are smaller openings less productive?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of opening size on gap cohort biomass was examined in uneven-aged hemlock-hardwood forests in northeastern Wisconsin by sampling 36 canopy gaps ranging from 5 to 800 m 2 in area and from 3 to 55 years of age. The standing crop of whole-tree aboveground biomass per hectare was greater in multiple-tree gaps than single-tree gaps of similar age. However, biomass production approached an asymptote at fairly small opening sizes, and 400800 m 2 group selection openings did not have significantly more biomass per unit area than small multiple-tree gaps (80100 m 2 ). Similarly, mean tree dimensions, recent height growth increments, and basal area increments for most species of gap trees approached an asymptote at an opening size of approximately 100 m 2 . As opening size increased, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) superseded eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) as the species with greatest relative biomass. The selection system appears to be a viable alternative to the even-aged shelterwood system in hemlock forests where browsing pressure is not excessive, but use of group selection may require additional treatments to ensure that some gaps >100 m 2 are captured by hemlock.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".