Increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation in Pseudomonas pneumonia-induced sepsis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Gut injury and barrier dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine whether gut injury could be demonstrated in hyperdynamic, normotensive sepsis induced by Pseudomonas pneumonia. DESIGN: Randomized animal study. SETTING: University laboratory. SUBJECTS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Sepsis was induced by intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We measured gut mucosal and microvascular injury. In the first experiment, gut mucosal permeability was measured by 51Cr-EDTA uptake in control (n = 6), pneumonia 20-hr (n = 4), and pneumonia 40-hr (n = 4) groups. In the second experiment, microvascular permeability was measured by albumin extravasation, and morphologic abnormalities were scored in control (n = 6), pneumonia 20-hr (n = 9), and pneumonia 40-hr (n = 11) groups. Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes was determined in both experiments. Cardiac index increased significantly in the pneumonia compared with control rats (64+/-2.1, 68+/-1.3, vs. 46+/-2 mL/min/100 g, p < .05; all results are listed in the order of pneumonia 20-hr, pneumonia 40-hr, and control groups as mean +/- SEM). Mean blood pressure was normal and was not different between groups (112+/-3, 111+/-2, vs. 118+/-2 mm Hg). 51Cr-EDTA recovery in urine 6 hrs after gavage increased significantly in both pneumonia groups vs. controls (17.5+/-2.2%, 17.9+/-7%, vs. 4+/-0.7%; p < .05). Albumin leak (tissue/plasma ratio) increased significantly in the middle and distal small intestine in the pneumonia 40-hr group vs. controls (0.68+/-0.05, 0.76+/-0.07, vs. 0.45+/-0.04, p < .05 in the middle small gut; 0.75+/-0.09, 0.85+/-0.07, vs. 0.51+/-0.05, p < .05 in the distal small gut). Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes increased significantly in pneumonia 40-hr rats vs. controls (positive culture 67% vs. 8%; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates gut mucosal and microvascular injury and gut barrier dysfunction in normotensive sepsis secondary to bacterial pneumonia. The mechanism and significance of the injury need to be determined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".