Development of a Trailing Vortex Formed With Spanwise Tip Blowing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trailing vortices were formed with strong core jets and high turbulence levels in a wind tunnel using a NACA 0015 rectangular semi-span wing having a full span aspect ratio of 5 and a chord Reynolds number of 105. The jet on the vortex core was generated by air blown from the wing tip through small holes arranged along the periphery of the wing cross-section. Experiments covered a wide range of tip jet blowing rates for a wing incidence of 5°. Measurements of mean velocity, mean vorticity and turbulence kinetic energy were made up to 32 chords downwind using a hot wire probe. At zero wing incidence the flow was observed to have the form of a jet in cross-flow with counter-rotating streamwise vortices of zero net circulation and a very high turbulence level. With the wing at incidence, the tip vortex envelopes the jet and as it develops its diameter grows and the jet velocity and circumferential velocity decline sharply. Further downwind the vortex formed with tip jets evolves into an axisymmetric form similar to a natural vortex but with a diameter up to 5 times larger. The turbulence intensities measured on the core without blowing were ∼2.5% of the free stream velocity while with blowing they were ∼15% in the near wake and ∼9% in the far wake.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".