Retention Behavior of Linear and Ring Polystyrene at the Chromatographic Critical Condition
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chromatographic retention of linear and ring polystyrene was investigated near the chromatographic critical condition. Reversed phase silica columns of four different pore sizes were employed to examine the pore size dependence. Adjusting the column temperature, the critical condition for linear polystyrene was searched for each column with a mixed mobile phase of CH 2 Cl 2 /CH 3 CN (57/43 v/v). It was practically impossible to establish an unambiguous critical condition with a single pore size column for a wide molecular weight range of polystyrenes, in particular with narrow pore size columns. At the best available condition, retentions of nine different molecular weight ring polystyrenes were measured relative to their linear precursors for each pore-sized column. As predicted theoretically, the partition coefficient ( K ) of ring polymers vs the size ratio of polymer chain to pore ( R / d ) shows a good linear relationship in the large pore regime ( R / d ≪ 1). This linearity is found to be universal for all the pore sizes, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction. However, the K vs R / d dependency at the large pore regime did not follow the theoretical prediction quantitatively. In the narrow-pore regime ( R / d ≫ 1) the experimental results did not follow the theory for ideal-chain ring macromolecules even qualitatively. To explain the observed chromatographic behavior at R / d ≫ 1, the scaling theory accounting for the polymer excluded volume was used, and the definition of the critical condition was revised. This analysis gave some keys for understanding the results at R / d ≫ 1 and revealed the possible nonequivalence of the conditions for theory and experiment as the most probable reason for observed discrepancies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it