Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To simulate spheroids of cells and use the spheroid models to establish methods of calculating cell survival following exposure to alpha irradiation from decays of 211At and 213Bi. METHODS: Using a Monte Carlo technique, two models of spheroids of cells were generated in which cells either did not or were allowed to overlap. At 40% packing of the volume it is shown that the two models are equivalent for longer-ranged alpha particles. The overlapping model was used to examine the effects of spheroid size and cell packing on cell survival. Cell survival was also calculated for different distributions of alpha decays such as uniform distribution within the spheroid, external to the spheroid and as a shell on the periphery of the spheroid. RESULTS: Three examples of the cell structure of the spheroids are shown. Detailed calculations show that cell survival decreases from 57% to 37% as the spheroid diameter increases from 75 microm to 225 microm for an average of one 211At decay per cell and 50% packing. Increasing the packing of the cells in the spheroid from 40% to 70% reduces survival from 46% to 26% for 200 microm diameter spheroids for one 211At or 213Bi decay per cell. The presence of small regions of unlabelled cells within the spheroids does not significantly change cell survival. CONCLUSIONS: Monte Carlo programmes generating spheroids of cells and their subsequent use to score cell survival for alpha irradiation should be useful in the design and interpretation of work on spheroids of cells in vitro and the application of such modelling to the study of very small tumours in vivo. Copies of the programmes are available from the author on request.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".