Rising CO<sub>2</sub> can alter fodder–weed interactions and suppression of <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Three C4 grass (Setaria incrassata, Astrebla squarrosa and Bothriochloa decipiens) and one C3 legume (Clitoria ternatea) suppressive fodder species, were re‐evaluated against the growth of the C3 Parthenium hysterophorus under an ambient (390 μmol mol−1) and an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (550 μmol mol−1). Under the elevated atmospheric CO2, shoot dry biomass and suppression index (SI) value of the C4 S. incrassata were both reduced by 32% and 0.7 respectively, while those for A. squarrosa were reduced by 23% and 0.3. In contrast and under the same elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, the shoot dry biomass and SI of the C4 B. decipiens were increased by 8% and 0.1 respectively, while those for the C3 C. ternatea were increased by 38% and 0.8. Our results suggest that C3 fodder plants along with certain C4 species could be utilised for the effective management of P. hysterophorus under the future elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions. However, this system needs more fodder species to be investigated. Our results suggest that rising CO2 per se may alter the efficacy of suppressive fodder management of an invasive C3 species, P. hysterophorus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".