Thrombin generation in on-pump cardiac surgery patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiac surgery, in particular when done with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), is frequently associated with excessive intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. Here we employed the Technothrombin thrombin generation assay (TGA; Technoclone) to monitor changes in perioperative haemostasis. One hundred and forty-eight patients (age 66.0 ± 9.8 years; 103 males, 45 females) with elective cardiac surgery and a CPB time >45 minutes (mean 114 ± 56 min) were enrolled. Arterial blood samples were obtained preoperative, postoperative and 14–18 hours postoperative and centrifuged within 30 minutes after withdrawal, for 5 minutes at 5,000 × g . Plasma samples were stored until analysis at -80°C. Thrombin generation (TG) induced by the TGA RC low reagent (71.6 pM tissue factor) was measured in 96-well multiplates using a FLUOstar OPTIMA fluorescence reader (MWG Labtech). Due to cardiac surgery, the lag-phase and time-to-peak of TG increased by 45% and 35%, respectively. In parallel, the peak thrombin concentration and maximum slope decreased by 42% and 51%, respectively ( P < 0.000001). Both the lag-phase and time-to-peak returned to basal values within 14–18 hours postoperative, but the peak thrombin and maximum slope of TG rose above the preoperative values (+39% and +68%, P < 0.0005). The on-pump time was positively correlated with lag phase and time to peak and negatively correlated with peak thrombin and maximum slope of TG when measured at 14–18 hours postoperative, but there was no correlation at early postoperative. With respect to classical coagulation parameters, significant correlations were observed between TG and activated partial thromboplastin time at preoperative and 14–18 hours postoperative, and between TG and prothrombin time at postoperative ( P < 0.025–0.001). At 14–18 hours postoperative there was a significant correlation of TG with platelet as well as leukocyte counts ( P < 0.025). The data provide clear evidence for a marked decrease of TG during cardiac surgery followed by an excess restoration in the postoperative phase. Factors released from platelets and leukocytes (procoagulant microvesicles?) might contribute to the enhanced TG observed at 14–18 hours postoperative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".