Effects of Ethinyl Estradiol, Estradiol, and Testosterone on Hindlimb Endothelial Function In Vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic treatment with estrogen and testosterone on hindlimb vascular function. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized and treated with vehicle (OVX), ethinyl estradiol (OVX-EE2), estradiol (OVX-E2), or testosterone (OVX-TESTO) for 3 weeks. Anesthetized SHR were instrumented for the measurement of arterial blood pressure and hindlimb blood flow. Ovariectomy had no significant effect on hindlimb resistance. Resting blood pressure (mm Hg) and hindlimb resistance (mm Hg/ml/min/kg) were higher in OVX-TESTO (158 +/- 4 and 4.7 +/- 0.3) than SHAM control (130 +/- 6 and 3.3 +/- 0.4), OVX (139 +/- 6 and 3.4 +/- 0.3), OVX-EE2 (130 +/- 4 and 3.0 +/- 0.3), and OVX-E2 (120 +/- 4 and 3.3 +/- 0.4). The hemodynamic responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh) were similar in SHAM, OVX, OVX-EE2, and OVX-E2. The hindlimb vasodilatory effects of ACh were consistently greater in OVX-TESTO compared with OVX, OVX-EE2, OVX-E2, and SHAM control rats. The hemodynamic responses to the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, were similar in all groups. Our results provide evidence of modulatory influence of testosterone on vasomotor function. It is suggested that the enhanced hindlimb endothelial function represents a compensatory mechanism for testosterone-induced hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".