Bismuth Crystals: Preparation and Measurement of Thermal and Electrical Properties
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We describe a laboratory experiment that serves as an introduction to solid-state and materials science, a topic that requires additional attention in the undergraduate chemistry laboratory curriculum. The experiment illustrates the long-range translational order, crystal growth, and the macroscopic manifestations of that order. This is demonstrated through the preparation and characterization of large, well-formed bismuth crystals, an aesthetically pleasing product. The characterization of the grown bismuth crystals involves determination of melting point and enthalpy of fusion via differential scanning calorimetry. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of grown bismuth crystals is also measured. Students are encouraged to consider the effect of metallic bonding interactions on the melting of the crystal samples and on their ability to conduct electricity. Students also analyze how the impurities influence the melting point and the electrical properties. The experiment is suitable for use in the third- or fourth-year undergraduate laboratory and is performed by students in one four-hour session. The experiment could be adapted to two laboratory sessions, with the first two-hour session covering crystal growth, and the second two-hour session focused on thermal and electrical characterization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it