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Record W2019059922 · doi:10.1179/cmq.2003.42.4.421

A MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE LEAD CONTENT OF COPPER ANODES ON THE DISSOLUTION OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND BISMUTH DURING COPPER ELECTROREFINING

2003· article· en· W2019059922 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
T.T. CHEN, J. E. Dutrizac

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Metallurgical Quarterly · 2003
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicExtraction and Separation Processes
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsAntimonyCopperElectrowinningDissolutionBismuthArsenicOxideInorganic chemistryElectrolyteSelenideArsenateAnodeChemistryMetallurgyMaterials scienceElectrodeSelenium

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

In copper anodes, Pb, As, Sb and Bi occur both in solid solution in the copper crystals and in various Cu-Pb-As-Sb-Bi oxide phases associated with Cu2(Se,Te) inclusions along the grain boundaries of the copper crystals. As the copper dissolves during electrorefining, the Pb, As, Sb and Bi in the copper crystals also dissolve. During the electrorefining of low Pb anodes, the Pb in the various Cu-Pb-As-Sb-Bi oxide phases is precipitated as PbSO4 and the associated Cu, As, Sb and Bi are solubilized. Some of the dissolved As, Sb and Bi reprecipitates as a Sb-As-O phase, SbAsO4, Sb-As-Bi-O phase, Cu arsenate, Cu arsenate-sulphate, Sn arsenate or as minor constituents of the complex oxidate phase. During the electrorefining of high Pb anodes, the Cu-Pb-As-Sb-Bi oxide phases in the copper anodes dissolve more slowly or transform directly to a poorly soluble Pb-Sb-As-Bi-S-O phase and PbSO4 which remain closely associated with the selenide particles often forming the cores of hollow selenide spheroids. The rapid formation of these phases seems to retard the dissolution of As, Sb and Bi from the grain boundary inclusions. However, Pb-Sb oxide or Pb-Bi oxide are not precipitated from the electrolyte. It seems that the high Pb content of copper anodes can reduce the dissolution of Sb and Bi from the anodes, but the mineralogical results do not indicate that a high Pb content enhances the precipitation of Sb and Bi from the electrolyte even though reported electrolyte analyses sometimes support such a mechanism.Dans les anodes en cuivre, on trouve Pb, As, Sb et Bi tant en solution solide dans les cristaux de cuivre qu’en diverses phases d’oxyde de Cu–Pb–As–Sb–Bi associées à des inclusions de Cu2(Se, Te) le long des joints de grain des cristaux de cuivre. À mesure que le cuivre est dissous lors du raffinage électrolytique, le Pb, As, Sb et Bi dans les cristaux de cuivre sont également dissous. Lors du raffinage électrolytique d’anodes à faible teneur en Pb, le Pb des diverses phases d’oxyde de Cu–Pb–As–Sb–Bi est précipité en PbSO4 et le Cu, As, Sb et Bi associés sont solubilisés. Une partie du As, Sb et Bi dissous se re-précipite en une phase Sb–As–O, en SbAsO4, en une phase Sb–As–Bi–O, en arséniate de Cu, en arséniate–sulfate de Cu, en arséniate de Sn ou en constituants mineurs de la phase oxyde complexe. Lors du raffinage électrolytique d’anodes à haute teneur en Pb, les phases d’oxyde de Cu–Pb–As–Sb–Bi des anodes en cuivre se dissolvent plus lentement ou se transforment directement en une phase faiblement soluble de Pb–Sb–As–Bi–S–O et en PbSO4 qui restent associés de près aux particules de séléniure, formant souvent les noyaux de sphéroïdes creuses de séléniure. La formation rapide de ces phases semble retarder la dissolution de l’As, Sb et Bi des inclusions des joints de grain. Cependant, l’oxyde Pb–Sb ou l’oxyde Pb–Bi ne sont pas précipités de l’électrolyte. Il semble que le contenu élevé en Pb des anodes en cuivre peut réduire la dissolution du Sb et du Bi des anodes, mais les résultats minéralogiques n’indiquent pas qu’un contenu élevé en Pb améliore la précipitation du Sb et du Bi de l’électrolyte, bien que l’on rapporte des analyses d’électrolyte qui supportent parfois un tel mécanisme.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.020
Threshold uncertainty score0.039

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.017
GPT teacher head0.215
Teacher spread0.198 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations17
Published2003
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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