A MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THE LEAD CONTENT OF COPPER ANODES ON THE DISSOLUTION OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND BISMUTH DURING COPPER ELECTROREFINING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In copper anodes, Pb, As, Sb and Bi occur both in solid solution in the copper crystals and in various Cu-Pb-As-Sb-Bi oxide phases associated with Cu2(Se,Te) inclusions along the grain boundaries of the copper crystals. As the copper dissolves during electrorefining, the Pb, As, Sb and Bi in the copper crystals also dissolve. During the electrorefining of low Pb anodes, the Pb in the various Cu-Pb-As-Sb-Bi oxide phases is precipitated as PbSO4 and the associated Cu, As, Sb and Bi are solubilized. Some of the dissolved As, Sb and Bi reprecipitates as a Sb-As-O phase, SbAsO4, Sb-As-Bi-O phase, Cu arsenate, Cu arsenate-sulphate, Sn arsenate or as minor constituents of the complex oxidate phase. During the electrorefining of high Pb anodes, the Cu-Pb-As-Sb-Bi oxide phases in the copper anodes dissolve more slowly or transform directly to a poorly soluble Pb-Sb-As-Bi-S-O phase and PbSO4 which remain closely associated with the selenide particles often forming the cores of hollow selenide spheroids. The rapid formation of these phases seems to retard the dissolution of As, Sb and Bi from the grain boundary inclusions. However, Pb-Sb oxide or Pb-Bi oxide are not precipitated from the electrolyte. It seems that the high Pb content of copper anodes can reduce the dissolution of Sb and Bi from the anodes, but the mineralogical results do not indicate that a high Pb content enhances the precipitation of Sb and Bi from the electrolyte even though reported electrolyte analyses sometimes support such a mechanism.Dans les anodes en cuivre, on trouve Pb, As, Sb et Bi tant en solution solide dans les cristaux de cuivre qu’en diverses phases d’oxyde de Cu–Pb–As–Sb–Bi associées à des inclusions de Cu2(Se, Te) le long des joints de grain des cristaux de cuivre. À mesure que le cuivre est dissous lors du raffinage électrolytique, le Pb, As, Sb et Bi dans les cristaux de cuivre sont également dissous. Lors du raffinage électrolytique d’anodes à faible teneur en Pb, le Pb des diverses phases d’oxyde de Cu–Pb–As–Sb–Bi est précipité en PbSO4 et le Cu, As, Sb et Bi associés sont solubilisés. Une partie du As, Sb et Bi dissous se re-précipite en une phase Sb–As–O, en SbAsO4, en une phase Sb–As–Bi–O, en arséniate de Cu, en arséniate–sulfate de Cu, en arséniate de Sn ou en constituants mineurs de la phase oxyde complexe. Lors du raffinage électrolytique d’anodes à haute teneur en Pb, les phases d’oxyde de Cu–Pb–As–Sb–Bi des anodes en cuivre se dissolvent plus lentement ou se transforment directement en une phase faiblement soluble de Pb–Sb–As–Bi–S–O et en PbSO4 qui restent associés de près aux particules de séléniure, formant souvent les noyaux de sphéroïdes creuses de séléniure. La formation rapide de ces phases semble retarder la dissolution de l’As, Sb et Bi des inclusions des joints de grain. Cependant, l’oxyde Pb–Sb ou l’oxyde Pb–Bi ne sont pas précipités de l’électrolyte. Il semble que le contenu élevé en Pb des anodes en cuivre peut réduire la dissolution du Sb et du Bi des anodes, mais les résultats minéralogiques n’indiquent pas qu’un contenu élevé en Pb améliore la précipitation du Sb et du Bi de l’électrolyte, bien que l’on rapporte des analyses d’électrolyte qui supportent parfois un tel mécanisme.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".