Effect of minor addition of xanthan on cross‐linking of rice starches by dry heating with phosphate salts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Effects of xanthan on the crosslinking of normal and waxy rice starches using a mixture of phosphate salts (sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate, 99 : 1, dry solid basis) were investigated. The starch (158.4 g, dry solids) was dispersed in an aqueous solution containing xanthan and phosphate salts (1.6 and 0.6 g in 280 mL water, respectively), and the slurry was dried overnight at 45°C until the moisture content was less than 10%. The dry cake was then ground into powders and heated for 2 h at 130°C in a convection oven. The pasting viscosity, paste clarity, melting and in vitro digestion behaviors of the starches with modifying agents (xanthan and phosphate salts) were investigated. The heat treated starches displayed enhanced shear stability and reduced breakdown, as evidences of crosslinking. Xanthan (1.0% based on starch solids) enhanced the crosslinking effects in the viscosity profile. Waxy rice starch evidenced more profound viscosity changes than did normal rice starch, indicating it was more susceptible to the heat treatment. The waxy rice starch heated with the mixture of phosphate salts and xanthan exhibited a continuous increase in pasting viscosity without any breakdown. Under a DSC analysis, melting enthalpy decreased but melting temperature increased somewhat as results of the heat treatment with xanthan. In an in vitro digestion analysis, the starches treated with xanthan exhibited decreases in the maximum digestion level, and increases in the resistant starch (RS) content. Dry heating, however, increased the digestion rate and glycemic index (GI) regardless of the presence of phosphate salts or xanthan indicating that the starches were thermally degraded. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".