Efficacy of Single and Combined Leaf Powder of Nicotiana Tabacum L. [Solanales: Solanaceae] with Reduced Rates of Pirimiphos-Methyl in Management of Sitophilus Zeamais Motschulsky [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The toxicity effects of the combination of Nicotiana tabacum leaf powder and pirimiphos-methyl dust as atreatment is compared with sole treatment of the powder and dust in this study. All laboratory experiments wereconducted under prevailing conditions of 28±30C and 70±5% relative humidity. Contact toxicity of Nicotianatabacum powder was tested on Sitophilus zeamais at 0.4g and 0.01g of pirimiphos-methyl powder per 20g ofmaize seeds singly. The toxicity of combined powder of N. tabacum at 0.2g with 0.0013g, 0.0025g and 0.005g ofpirimiphos-methyl dust per 20g of maize seeds was also tested. These treatments significantly (p>0.05) reducedthe weight loss and adult emergence of S. zeamais. The powder and dust also caused high mortality to S. zeamaiswhen applied.The efficacy of the Nicotiana tabacum was better when applied singly at 0.4g than when combined with dust ofpirimiphos-methyl at reduced rates. Irrespective of the treatment used in the study, the response of Sitophiluszeamais was found to be dependent on the concentration. Adult mortality increases with concentration, whileadult emergence reduces. The results of this study revealed the effects of combined botanicals with reduced ratesof conventional insecticides as an alternative in the management of stored product insect pests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".