TGFβ1 regulates endothelial cell spreading and hypertrophy through a Rac—p38‐mediated pathway
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: TGFbeta (transforming growth factor beta) is a multifunctional cytokine and a potent regulator of cell growth, migration and differentiation in many cell types. In the vascular system, TGFbeta plays crucial roles in vascular remodelling, but the signalling pathways involved remain poorly characterized. RESULTS: Using the model of porcine aortic endothelial cells, we demonstrated that TGFbeta stimulates cellular spreading when cells are on collagen I. TGFbeta-stimulated Rac1-GTP accumulation, which was associated with increased MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) p38 phosphorylation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of a dominant-negative Rac mutant, or treatment of the cells with the p38 pharmacological inhibitor SB203580, abrogated TGFbeta-induced cell spreading. Our results demonstrate for the first time that prolonged exposure to TGFbeta stimulates endothelial cell hypertrophy and flattening. Collectively, these data indicate that TGFbeta-induced cell spreading and increase in cell surface areas occurs via a Rac-p38-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The Rac-p38 pathway may have conceptual implications in pathophysiological endothelial cell responses to TGFbeta, such as wound healing or development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".