Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-Based Particles for the Selective Removal of Nitrogen Compounds from Light Gas Oil: Effect of Linker Length
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, four poly(glycidyl methacrylate- co -ethylene glycol methacrylate) [PGMA- co -EDGMA] functionalized particles were synthesized and characterized, and tested in gas oil adsorption. Particles consisted of identical polymer support (PGMA- co -EDGMA, henceforth referred to as PGMA) and π-acceptor moiety (2,4,5,7-tetranitroflorenone, TENF), while the linkers (linear diamines) were varied from a two- (diaminoethane, DAE ( 2 )), a three- (diaminopropane, DAP( 3 )) to a four-carbon (diaminobutane, DAB( 4 )) containing compounds. The particles notation takes the form: PGMA-DAE( 2 )-TENF, PGMA-DAP( 3 )-TENF, PGMA-DAB( 4 )-TENF and PGMA-DAB( 4 )5-TENF, where 5 denotes the synthesis in 5% (vol./vol.) linker and 95% (vol./vol.) toluene solution, while for other three, 100% (vol./vol.) linker was used. Particles were characterized by, among others, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur analysis (CHNS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The change in linker length did not result in a significant effect on loading as similar amounts of TENF were immobilized on the polymeric particles regardless of the linker length. From the adsorption studies of light gas oil (LGO), results showed that diaminopropane (PGMA-DAP( 3 )-TENF) substituted particles gave the highest % adsorption of nitrogen compounds, followed by the diaminobutane (PGMA-DAB( 4 )-TENF)-based particles, while no significant differences between the particles with diaminoethane (PGMA-DAE( 2 )-TENF) and PGMA-DAB( 4 )5-TENF were observed. The results further showed that all the four types of particles selectively adsorbed nitrogen compounds, while the sulfur concentration in LGO remained unchanged under the following adsorption process conditions: ambient temperature (24 °C), time (24 h), particles to oil loading ratio (1:4 wt./wt.) and stirring speed (400 rpm). Generally, steric hindrance around the TENF molecules, on the surface of the particles, had a major role to play in the adsorption process than the length of the linker.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".