Shear Displacement Dependent Strength of Municipal Solid Waste and Its Major Constituent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A limited amount of data exist on the shear strength properties of municipal solid waste. Similar to the soil strength parameters, the data on wastes are reported in terms of a cohesion intercept and an angle of internal friction. Most often the strength parameters reported are for the maximum values mobilized in laboratory testing. Recent state-of-the-art review papers on the topic have summarized the available strength data and noted that large shear displacements are required to mobilize peak shear strength parameters. In comparison, other components of a landfill system such as mineral and geosynthetic liners mobilize peak strengths at much smaller shear displacements. There are, therefore, shear displacement incompatibility issues that need to be resolved. In this paper the shear strength data from the direct shear tests performed on municipal solid waste samples and its major constituent (paper) are presented as a function of shear displacement. Results of a limited number of simple shear tests performed on municipal waste samples are also presented and compared with the data from direct shear testing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".