Synthesis and characterization of clathrate hydrates containing carbon dioxide and ethanol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports an experimental study on the formation of a clathrate hydrate containing ethanol as a guest substance together with carbon dioxide. Phase equilibrium measurements in the system of CO(2) + ethanol + water have been performed in the temperature range from 254 K to 268 K. The measured equilibrium pressure at a given temperature below 264 K was lower by 20 kPa to 30 kPa than the corresponding equilibrium pressure of a simple CO(2) hydrate in the system without ethanol. Powder X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the hydrate formed is structure I. This crystallographic structure is the same as that of simple CO(2) hydrate. However, the lattice constant of the hydrate formed in the system with ethanol was determined to be 11.8577(5) A at 113 K, which is larger than the corresponding lattice constant (11.8434(8) A) of simple CO(2) hydrate at the same temperature. These experimental results strongly suggest the formation of a new hydrate containing both ethanol and CO(2) as guest substances, thus contributing toward future applications considering CO(2) hydrates. To further understand the inclusion of ethanol molecules in the structure I hydrate and the measured increase in the crystal lattice constant, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to support the experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".