Wind Tunnel Studies on the Galloping of Lightly-Iced Transmission Lines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aerodynamics involved in the galloping of lightly-iced transmission lines were studied in a series of wind tunnel experiments. A representative section of a lightly-iced conductor produced in an outdoor freezing rain simulator was used throughout. In the first set of experiments aerodynamic loads were measured on a static model at different wind speeds and angles of attack. These experiments showed that the well-established den Hartog criterion does not predict an instability at wind speeds associated with transmission line galloping. A second set of experiments examined the effects of different steady rotational motions on the aerodynamic loads. Automated controls were used to rotationally oscillate the model in a repeatable manner at various angles of attack and rotational amplitudes as well as frequencies. The drag remained consistent with quasi-steady values, while the lift was affected by the rotational motion. This rotation-induced lift was enhanced by ice surface irregularities, but further studies were needed to fully assess its importance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".