Dealing in Black and White: The Diefenbaker Government and the Cold War in South Asia 1957-1963
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines how religious and cultural stereotypes of India and Pakistan affected the perceptions and attitudes of Canadian policy-makers and the Diefenbaker government from 1957 to 1963. Canadian policy-makers initially believed that India's elites shared numerous commonalities with the West that were rooted in a shared language and a similar judicial and democratic parliamentary system. Through these 'commonalities' officials believed that India would align with the West as the Cold War intensified. Such assumptions proved to be ill-considered. The Indian government practised a doctrine of non-alignment in the 1950s, and senior Canadian officials regarded this as hypocritical and even anti-Western. By contrast, Pakistan aligned with the West and raised its anticommunist rhetoric. A growing pool of Canadian officials looked to Islam, Hinduism, and cultural stereotypes to explain why Pakistan differed from India and perceived the threat of communism in the same way as the West. These officials also re-evaluated the importance Ottawa placed on ties with New Delhi. The election of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker in June 1957 hastened this trend. Diefenbaker viewed communism in binary terms and concluded that, unlike India, Pakistan was on the 'right side' in the Cold War. The Diefenbaker era saw Ottawa relegate India to the periphery of its foreign policy interests and bilateral relations with Pakistan at their apogee. Cet article examine comment les stéréotypes religieux et culturels envers l'Inde et le Pakistan influencèrent les perceptions et les attitudes des décideurs politiques canadiens et du gouvernement Diefenbaker entre 1957 et 1963. Les décideurs politiques canadiens crurent d'abord que les élites indiennes avaient avec l'Occident plusieurs traits communs enracinés dans une langue partagée et des systèmes parlementaire et juridique semblables. En raison de ces traits communs, le gouvernement pensa que l'Inde, avec l'intensification de la guerre froide, s'alignerait sur l'Occident. Cette supposition s'avéra malheureuse. Le gouvernement indien appliqua dans les années 1950 la doctrine du non-alignement, ce que le gouvernement canadien jugea hypocrite et même antioccidental. Par comparaison, le Pakistan s'aligna sur l'Ouest et accentua sa rhétorique anticommuniste. Les agents du gouvernement canadien furent nombreux à se tourner vers l'islam, l'hindouisme et les stéréotypes culturels pour expliquer pourquoi le Pakistan, contrairement à l'Inde, percevait la menace communiste comme les Occidentaux. Ces agents réévaluèrent aussi l'importance qu'Ottawa accordait à ses liens avec New Delhi. Cette tendance s'accéléra avec l'élection du premier ministre John Diefenbaker en juin 1957. Diefenbaker, qui voyait le communisme en termes binaires, conclut que le Pakistan, à la différence de l'Inde, logeait du « bon côté » dans la guerre froide. Sous Diefenbaker, le Canada relégua l'Inde à la périphérie de ses intérêts en politique étrangè re et porta ses relations bilatérales avec le Pakistan à leur apogée.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".