Observations of equatorial <i>F</i> region plasma bubbles using simultaneous OI 777.4 nm and OI 630.0 nm imaging: New results
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Simultaneous observations of the OI 630.0 nm and OI 777.4 nm nightglow emissions using all‐sky imaging systems and ionospheric radio sounding using a Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI) digisonde have been recently carried out at São José dos Campos (23.21°S, 45.86°W), Brazil. The all‐sky imaging systems use novel CCD devices, with high quantum efficiency and which provide an exceptional capacity for quantitative measurement of faint‐ and low‐contrast emissions. On October 23–24, 2000 (high solar activity), the presence of large‐scale F region plasma irregularities (plasma bubbles) was observed using both techniques (i.e., optical and radio). The high‐resolution images, recorded using the OI 777.4 nm nightglow emission, show a new striated or ray‐like pattern, which has not been detected before. These OI 777.4 nm optical observations show for the first time, in great detail, the field‐aligned ionospheric plasma bubble structures, in contrast with the OI 630.0 nm images, which show a diffuse image of the bubbles. The optical signatures of the OI 777.4 nm emission are more closely related to the actual ionospheric bubble structure, owing to its prompt emission and dependence only on the electron density, with no F layer height dependence. On the other hand, the OI 630.0 nm emission comes from the bottomside of the F layer with a strong F layer height dependence and shows blurred images due to its 110‐s lifetime. An additional advantage of using the OI 777.4 nm emission for ionospheric irregularity studies is that the plasma bubbles can be observed earlier on the OI 777.4 nm images than on the OI 630.0 nm images (by ∼ 15 min).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".