Milk Composition Responses to Unilateral Arterial Infusionof Complete and Histidine-Lacking Amino Acid Mixtures to the Mammary Glands of Cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To evaluate a close mammary infusion technique for the study of milk protein responses to blood amino acid profile, five early-lactation, multiparous Holstein cows were surgically fitted with catheters in both external iliac arteries. Animals were infused into one arterial catheter with five different solutions on 5 consecutive days in a Latin square design. Infusions began at 0800 h and continued until 1800 h. The five infusates were a 3% saline control, 15 g/h of complete amino acid mix, 15 g/h of imbalanced amino acid mix (minus His), 30 g/h of complete amino acid mix, and 30 g/h of imbalanced amino acid mix (minus His). Cows were fed a total mixed ration twice daily containing 16% crude protein and 1.7 Mcal/kg of net energy for lactation. Infusion of the complete amino acid mix elevated amino acid concentrations in arterial plasma two- to threefold but caused only a small dose-dependent increase in milk protein content and yield. Fat percentage in milk was decreased from 4.08 to 3.35% by the complete amino acid infusions so that the protein:fat ratio climbed from 0.76 on the control to 0.99 with 30 g/h of amino acid. Removal of His from the infusate caused plasma His concentrations to drop but had no effect on any other circulating amino acids. Milk composition was restored to control levels by removal of the single amino acid. A short-term circulating amino acid imbalance depresses milk protein percentage and increases milk fat content in dairy cows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".