Retinol Status of Newborn Infants Is Associated With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Genetic analyses in humans suggest a role for retinoid-related genes in the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The goal of this study was to investigate the vitamin A status of mothers and their newborns in association with CDH. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based, case-control study with 22 case and 34 control mothers and their newborns. In maternal and cord blood samples, retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP) levels were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine crude and adjusted risk estimates. RESULTS: Case newborns had significantly lower levels of retinol (0.60 vs 0.76 μmol/L; P=.003) and RBP (5.42 vs 7.11 mg/L; P=.02) than did control newborns. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed lower levels of retinol and RBP in association with CDH risk; the odds ratio for retinol levels of <15th percentile (<0.61 μmol/L) was 11.11 (95% confidence interval: 2.54-48.66; P=.001), and that for RBP levels of <15th percentile (<4.54 mg/L) was 4.00 (95% confidence interval: 1.00-15.99; P=.05). Retinol and RBP levels were not different between case and control mothers. CONCLUSIONS: CDH is strongly associated with low retinol and RBP levels in newborns, independent of maternal retinol status. This is an important finding supporting the idea that human CDH is linked with abnormal retinoid homeostasis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".