A Kinetic Study of Ethylene and 1-Hexene Homo- and Copolymerization Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Cr(IV) Complex: Evidence for Propagation by a Migratory Insertion Mechanism
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The surface organometallic fragment (⋮SiO) 2 Cr CHCMe 3 initiates the polymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene at room temperature in the absence of organoaluminum or other activators. The kinetics at the gas−solid interface were studied by in situ IR spectroscopy in a constant volume, variable pressure reactor. At low pressures, the reaction is first order in P(C 2 H 4 ), first order in the number of moles of chromium, and linearly dependent on the Cr loading on silica. The second-order rate constant for polymerization is (177 ± 3) s - 1 (mol Cr) - 1 at 21 °C, and is virtually unchanged upon subsequent additions of ethylene to the catalyst. The kinetic isotope effect, k (C 2 H 4 )/ k (C 2 D 4 ), is a meagre 1.29. The temperature dependence of the second-order rate constants yields Δ H ‡ obs = (30.2 ± 0.9) kJ/mol and Δ S ‡ obs = (−99 ± 3) J/(K·mol). These values are consistent with a propagation mechanism of agostically assisted migratory insertion at an alkylchromium(IV) active site. They are inconsistent with an alternating alkylidene/metallacycle mechanism requiring rate-determining C−H cleavage. The rate of polymerization is accelerated by a factor of 3.2 in the presence of 18 mol % H 2 . Homopolymerization of 1-hexene is only 4.7 times slower than that of ethylene, an effect attributed to weaker preequilibrium binding of the substituted olefin which is partially compensated by faster migratory insertion. Copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene is random. It results in slower incorporation of ethylene but faster incorporation of 1-hexene relative to their respective homopolymerization rates.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it