Current knowledge on biotin nutrition in fish and research perspectives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Biotin, a water‐soluble vitamin, is essential for normal growth, development and health of all animals. In terrestrial animal nutrition, biotin has recently spurred scientific interest because of the increasing body of knowledge on biotin involvement in gene expression, cell cycle and reproduction in mammals, and recent advances in molecular biology techniques allowing a more effective estimation of biotin effects in metabolism and physiology. In contrast, this information is scarce in aquatic animal nutrition, as studies have essentially focused on the estimation of minimum biotin requirement for maximum growth and tissue storage as well as for the formulation of least‐cost diet. This scarcity of information is also due to the lack of well‐established indicators of biotin status in aquatic organisms. The present review is a comparative analysis of current knowledge on biotin physiology and nutritional biochemistry in terrestrial and aquatic animal nutrition. Also, general information on biotin sources, bioavailability, deficiency and requirement in mammals and fish is provided in order to plan further studies. In the future, biotin nutrition studies in aquaculture should also include haematological parameters, histopathology of the gills, liver and kidney, gonad development, gamete quality and quantity, fecundity, larvae survival and gene expression. Dietary biotin requirement levels should be estimated at every life history stage of farmed fish. The potential contribution of intestinal microflora to biotin supply in different fish species should be investigated. All this information will allow a better understanding of the essentiality of biotin in fish growth, development, reproduction and health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".