Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Increases Plasma Catecholamines and Blood Pressure in Toads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was injected intravenously into conscious, adult toads (Bufo marinus) to elucidate the nervous and cardiovascular actions of the hormone. GnRH (0.001-1.0 nmol X kg-1) produced dose-dependent increases in mean arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure, beginning within 3 min after injection. These pressor responses to GnRH were specific to the hormone since they could be inhibited reversibly by [D-pGlu1, D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]-GnRH. Arterial plasma concentrations of unconjugated catecholamines increased simultaneously with the rise in blood pressure following GnRH injection: the half-maximal pressor dose of GnRH (0.1 nmol X kg-1) caused a 3-fold increase in plasma noradrenaline and a 20-fold increase in plasma adrenaline concentrations. Pretreatment of toads with an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, and a beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, abolished the pressor responses to GnRH. We conclude that GnRH mobilizes catecholamines, which act through alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms to raise blood pressure. Thus, endogenous GnRH or GnRH-like peptides may coordinate the pituitary, nervous and cardiovascular mechanisms which prepare toads for seasonal reproductive activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".